ChronoFive
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Setting the scene
Portugal's Dom João VI had ruled from Rio after fleeing Napoleon; his son Pedro I faced liberal revolts in Lisbon demanding Brazil's downgrade to colony status, while Brazilian elites preferred autonomy within the empire.
What happened
Brazil declared independence on September 7, 1822, when Prince Pedro on the Ipiranga Brook shouted 'Independência ou Morte!' to supporters, later crowned emperor rather than president.
Why it still matters
The largest country in South America emerged with slavery intact until 1888; Brazil's Portuguese language, federal structure, and racial mosaic distinguish it from Spanish-American republics and anchor modern BRICS diplomacy.
Background
The largest country in South America emerged.